• br Conclusion br Acknowledgements This work was

  2021-11-26

  

  Conclusion Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for challenging Exploratory Research (15K12715) and was a partly supported by Suzuken Memorial Foundation (2014). The authors would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the English language review. G protein-coupled rec

• adenosine monophosphate br GPR is a class A GPCR

  2021-11-26

  

  GPR119 is a class A GPCR expressed on pancreatic β-cells and certain enteroendocrine adenosine monophosphate which upon activation with an agonist, increases insulin secretion in response to rising glucose levels. Mechanistically, this insulinotropic effect is bifurcated involving both GPR119-medi

• The PCR based analysis of TRECs in general is laborious

  2021-11-25

  

  The PCR-based analysis of TRECs in general is laborious, technically challenging and comparison of results obtained in different laboratories is difficult as different normalization standards exist. Moreover the analysis is restricted to analysis of cell populations (Douek et al., 1998; Jamieson et

• Moreover there is a third possible GnRH agonist

  2021-11-25

  

  Moreover, there is a third possible GnRH agonist target – the endometrium. The human endometrium has been shown to express high levels of both GnRH and GnRH receptors (Maggi et al., 2016), and GnRH agonists affect the function of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibit

• To study the effects of

  2021-11-25

  

  To study the effects of GPR40 at the whole-animal level, GPR40 mice have been generated in two different genetic backgrounds [18], [19]. GPR40 mice from both backgrounds were apparently healthy with no overt signs of metabolic or other abnormalities. As expected, pancreatic islets taken from GPR40 m

• Glucose uptake a critical metabolic control point in

  2021-11-25

  

  Glucose uptake, a critical metabolic control point in glycolysis, is mediated by the GLUT (SLC2) family of integral membrane transporters (Mueckler and Thorens, 2013). GLUT1 (SLC2A1), one of the most well-studied members of the SLC2 family, exhibits a wide tissue distribution; cell surface expressi

• The importance of T currents in the

  2021-11-25

  

  The importance of T-currents in the control of thalamic GABA synaptic function is also demonstrated by the presence of T-channel-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity, either potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD). Indeed, in the associative posterior thalamic medial nucleus, an LTP of the GABAerg

• To improve the performance of the

  2021-11-25

  

  To improve the performance of the immunoassay, various nanomaterials including carbon nanospheres [9], gold nanoparticles [10] and transition metal compounds [11] were used to immobilize natural enzymes as the label. Natural enzymes, such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) [12] and glucose oxidase (GOD

• Over of all melanomas have

  2021-11-25

  

  Over 50% of all melanomas have activating BRAF mutations [29] and inhibition of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways is one of the most promising treatments for malignant melanoma [30]. However, studies using BRAF inhibitors have identified various feedback mechanisms to activate BRAF pathway in m

• Interestingly evidence has emerged recently that suggests no

  2021-11-25

  

  Interestingly, evidence has emerged recently that suggests noncanonical roles of EZH2 in various cancers. For example, in addition to histone H3, EZH2 has been shown to methylate non-histone substrates, such as Jarid2 and STAT3, to regulate their transcriptional activities (He et al., 2012, Sanulli

• br Conclusion br Funding br Availability of data and materia

  2021-11-25

  

  Conclusion Funding Availability of data and materials Authors' contributions Ethics approval and consent to participate Consent for publication Competing interests Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global public health problem. An estimated 71.1 million peop

• A second feature of the Ras type GTPases is

  2021-11-25

  

  A second feature of the Ras-type GTPases is that their ‘on’ and ‘off’ states are temporally and often spatially separated from one another. This feature is essential for GTPases mediating signaling and other processes that need to be kept ‘off’ until the arrival of signaling cues. The need to recrui

• Similarly both neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization

  2021-11-24

  

  Similarly, both neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization likely occurred for the duplicated proglucagon genes. The change in function of GLP-1 would be a neofunctionalization, however in this case it acquired a redundant function – a function that largely overlaps with glucagon effects in the l

• At present many methods have been applied for

  2021-11-24

  

  At present, many methods have been applied for multiple detection. For example, cl 2 [[9], [10], [11]] is frequently used to detect multiple targets because of its exquisite sensitivity and specificity, but it is difficult to design experiments to test short-length oligonucleotides. Electrochemical

• In addition several other considerations were made for

  2021-11-24

  

  In addition, several other considerations were made for the optimization exercise. While the structural features of the endogenous ligands for long-chain fatty iib iiia inhibitors receptors suggest obtaining orthosteric agonists with drug-like properties may be challenging, the optimization efforts

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