• The present study was designed to clarify the distribution a

  2021-10-27

  

  The present study was designed to clarify the distribution and the function of the endothelin receptors in the guinea-pig urinary bladder. We found that endothelin-1 produced a clear tonic contraction via both ataluren subtypes, the endothelin ETA and ETB receptor, and that sarafotoxin S6c also ind

• Ultimately the change of maturation ratio of the

  2021-10-26

  

  Ultimately, the change of maturation ratio of the Leydig cell caused reducing of INSL3 expression undoubtedly. INSL3 (insulin-like 3) is a hormone produced mainly in gonadal tissues. It was discovered to participate in development of urogenital tract. The mutations of this gene is one cause of cryp

• A second feature of the Ras

  2021-10-26

  

  A second feature of the Ras-type GTPases is that their ‘on’ and ‘off’ states are temporally and often spatially separated from one another. This feature is essential for GTPases mediating signaling and other processes that need to be kept ‘off’ until the arrival of signaling cues. The need to recrui

• br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion Prior stud

  2021-10-26

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Prior studies established that Notch signaling regulates the differentiation of hair cells and supporting cells during inner ear development (reviewed in Kiernan (2013)). Notch signaling is a multistep process that requires the interaction between a

• The first phase of insulin secretion is due

  2021-10-25

  

  The first phase of insulin secretion is due to calcium signaling because of glucose sensing, increased cytoplasmic ATP levels, cellular depolarization, calcium influx and activation of calcium sensing molecules that eventually causes the fusion of the insulin granules to plasma membrane (exocytosis)

• A compound structurally similar to

  2021-10-25

  

  A C-type natriuretic peptide (1-22) (human, rat, swine) structurally similar to PF-03654746 has been developed by Pfizer (PF-03654764), with a minor change in the substituent attached to the cyclobutanecarboxamide moiety (Wager et al., 2011). This compound, with the chemical name trans-3-fluoro-3-[

• br Disp Cleavage and Membrane Trafficking Knowledge of how D

  2021-10-25

  

  Disp Cleavage and Membrane Trafficking Knowledge of how Disp is regulated in Shh-producing calculate the molarity to control ligand deployment has, until recently, remained limited. Early studies examining Disp function in Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and Drosophila tissue suggested tha

• Activation of sGC induces the generation of cyclic guanosine

  2021-10-25

  

  Activation of sGC induces the generation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), phosphorylation of protein kinase G (PKG) and changes in activity of effector proteins such as phosphodiesterases (PDE), ion channels and ion pumps [43]. This pathway eventually leads to dilation of 5-alpha reductase

• Recently it was found that hypoxia results in the

  2021-10-25

  

  Recently, it was found that hypoxia results in the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Y654 in a Src-dependent manner (Xi et al., 2013). All β-catenin phosphorylated at this residue was found complexed with Hif1α and it was demonstrated that this β-catenin phosphorylation was required for Src to promote

• For some agonists these stable GPR responses were resistant

  2021-10-25

  

  For some agonists, these stable GPR119 responses were resistant to washing. Thus, sustained activation could continue, for at least a number of hours, even after removal of free agonist. These data are consistent with reports for other GPCR systems that do not desensitize (Calebiro et al., 2009, Fer

• The differential tissue and ligand

  2021-10-25

  

  The differential tissue- and ligand-dependent signaling described here has important implications for the therapeutic potential of synthetic GPR109A agonists for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The failure of MK-0354, a biased, partial GPR109A agonist, to activate signaling pathways upstream of va

• br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion To fulfill

  2021-10-25

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion To fulfill its role in tissue homeostasis, repair and immunoregulation, MSCs must be able to (i) renew themselves by cell division and proliferation, (ii) migrate to its target end-site in response to chemotaxis signals and (iii) undergo appropriate

• Expression and translocation of GLUT are regulated

  2021-10-25

  

  Expression and translocation of GLUT4 are regulated by various mechanisms including protein kinase C isoforms (PKCs) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals [22], [23], but the real mechanism that statins alter expression and function of GLUT4 has not been fully identified. It is general

• br Experimental Procedures br Acknowledgments This work was

  2021-10-25

  

  Experimental Procedures Acknowledgments This work was supported by NIH/National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) R00 HG006922 and NIH/NHGRI R01 HG008974 (to J.G.), the Huntsman Cancer Institute, and the Women’s Cancers Disease-Oriented Team at the Huntsman Cancer Institute. Research rep

• In Solloway and colleagues reported that mice with alpha

  2021-10-25

  

  In 2015, Solloway and colleagues reported that mice with alpha cell hyperplasia due to inactive hepatic glucagon receptor signaling may most likely be caused by amino VX-689 dependent mechanisms [11]. The authors then showed these adaptations are regulated by ‘mechanistic target of rapamycin’ (mTOR

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